Transformer efficiency

At rated power, the transformer output power and input power ratio, called the efficiency of the transformer, which

Where η is the efficiency of the transformer; P1 as the input power, P2 is the output power.

When the transformer is equal to the output power input power P1, P2, efficiency η is equal to 100%, the transformer will not result in any loss. But the fact that the transformer is not. When the total transmit power transformer to generate losses, such losses are mainly copper loss and iron loss. Transformer copper loss is the loss caused by coil resistance. When the current through the coil resistance heating, the part of the electrical energy into heat energy to the loss. General by the coil of copper wire wrapped with insulation made of, so called copper loss.
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Transformer iron loss consists of two aspects. First, hysteresis loss, when the AC current through the transformer, the transformer silicon steel  sheet by the magnetic field lines change with the direction and size, making the internal molecular friction between silicon and release heat, which was part of the power loss, this is the hysteresis loss . The other is the eddy current loss, when the transformer work. There are magnetic field lines through the core, with the magnetic field lines in the plane perpendicular to the induced current is generated, due to this current into a closed loop formed from the circulation and into the whirlpool, it is called vortex. The existence of vortex core fever, consumption of energy, such as eddy current loss.

The efficiency of the transformer power rating is closely related to the transformer, usually the greater the power, loss and output power than the smaller, the higher the efficiency. Conversely, the smaller the power, efficiency is lower.

Converter is rectified, reflux and frequency of three ways of working collectively, the rectifier is one of the most widely used. As the transformer rectifier power supply called the rectifier transformer. Rectifier DC power supply for industrial use are mostly from the AC mains through the rectifier transformer and rectifier equipment to get. Rectifier Transformer Rectifier Transformer 2 function is designed transformer for the rectifier system. Rectifier transformer features: 1. Is the appropriate supply voltage rectification system, 2. Is reduced due to waveform distortion caused by rectifier system of pollution on the grid. 3 The main purpose of Rectifier Transformer Rectifier Transformer main purposes: (1) This is the application of electrochemical industries become the largest sector rectifier, electrolytic non-ferrous metal compounds to the system to take aluminum, magnesium, copper and other metals; electrolysis of salt to chlorine Preparation base; electrolysis of water to obtain hydrogen and oxygen system. (2) DC traction locomotive used in mining or urban DC grid. As the valve side of the access overhead lines, short-circuit fault more convergence degree DC load changes, motor vehicles often start, resulting in different degrees of short-term overload. Temperature limits for this type transformers and the current density achieved is lower. Resistance than the corresponding power transformer about 30%. (3) DC power transmission is mainly used for power transmission in the DC power supply, such as rolling mills in the armature and field. (4) DC transmission voltage of rectifier transformer with this type of 110kV or more generally, the capacity in the tens of thousands of kVA. Require special attention to the insulation of the AC and DC superposition problem. There are also electronic processing plating or DC power supply, excitation with the DC power supply, charging and electrostatic dust removal by DC power supplie
  4 The working principle of the transformer and rectifier output voltage rectifier transformer is the step-down transformer. Down to the required voltage after the rectifier tube with a semiconductor. Transformer and the same principle as ordinary transformers. Transformer made in accordance with the principle of electromagnetic induction AC voltage of a transformation equipment. The beginning of lines and transformers are generally two mutually independent secondary windings, the two windings share a common core. Transformer primary winding connected to AC power, in the winding produces an alternating current flowing through the magnetic potential, so there is a closed alternating magnetic flux in the core. Primary and secondary windings cutting the magnetic lines can be induced in the secondary out of the same frequency of alternating current. Transformer primary and secondary winding turns ratio equal to the voltage ratio .. Such as a transformer primary winding is 440 turns, the secondary is 220 turns. Primary input voltage is 220V, the transformer secondary can get the output voltage of 110V. Some can have multiple secondary transformer windings and tap. So you get a multiple output voltage. 5 Application of Rectifier Transformer Rectifier change because most chemical industry, power rectifier secondary voltage is low, the current large, so large, so they changed in many ways is similar furnace, the former structure as described in point, rectifier transformer is also available. The greatest feature is the rectifier transformer secondary current is not sinusoidal, because the follow-up wizard to pass a single rectifier element characteristics, the phase line is no longer the same time, but the soft flow of a load current flow conductivity, pulse of current in one direction changes by the filter device to DC rectifier transformer secondary voltage, current capacity of connection not only with the relevant groups, such as the commonly used three-phase bridge rectifier circuit, with the balance of the amount of dual reactor rectifier circuit, for the same DC output voltage and current required rectifier transformer secondary voltage and current are not the same, rectifier transformer rectifier circuit parameter calculation is based  on the premise, the general parameters are calculated starting from the secondary to the primary projection. As a non-sinusoidal current rectifier transformer winding containing a lot of high harmonics, in order to reduce the harmonic pollution on the grid, in order to improve power factor, must increase the number of pulse rectifier equipment, which can be phase-shifting methods to solve. The purpose is to phase-shifting rectifier transformer secondary windings of the same name as the end of the line voltage has a phase shift between. The easiest way is secondary phase by volume, angular connection of the two windings, can make the pulse number rectifier electric double. For high-power rectifier equipment required pulse number is greater, the number of pulse applications such as the growing number of 18,24,36, and this must be set in the rectifier transformer primary side phase winding for phase shift. Phase winding with the primary winding connected in three ways, namely, winding wire, hexagonal and the Yanbian triangle. For the electrochemical industry Rectifier Transformer Furnace Transformer voltage range than the much larger, for the chemical salt electrolysis, voltage range is usually 55% - 105%, for the aluminum, the voltage range is usually 5% - 105%. Commonly used methods such as electric voltage change as a change in magnetic flux regulator Asia, series transformer voltage regulator and auto-regulator. In addition, the rectifier device characteristics, can be rectified electric rectifier valve side of the direct control of the conduction phase angle components that can smooth the adjustment of the average rectified voltage, which is called phase control voltage regulator. To achieve phase control regulator, one with crystal valve pipe, the second is the use of self-saturable reactor, since the saturable reactor is essentially composed of a core and two windings, one winding is working, it is the second series connected transformer in the rectifier times between the windings and rectifiers, flows through the load current; the other is the DC control winding, is provided by another DC power supply DC current, and its main principle is the use of nonlinear ferromagnetic materials change, so that the work has a winding reactance big change. Adjust the DC control current, you can adjust the phase control angle α, and thus the average rectified voltage regulator. 6 The simplest method of simple phase-shifting phase-shift method is to use the amount of the secondary side, angle of the two windings connected, you can make electric pulse rectifier number doubled. For high-power rectifier equipment required pulse number is greater, the number of pulse applications such as the growing number of 18,24,36, and this must be set in the rectifier transformer primary side phase winding for phase shift. Phase winding with the primary winding connected in three ways, namely, winding wire, hexagonal and the Yanbian triangle. For the electrochemical industry Rectifier Transformer Furnace Transformer voltage range than the much larger, for the chemical salt electrolysis, voltage range is usually 55% - 105%, for the aluminum, the voltage range is usually 5% - 105%. Commonly used methods such as electric transformer voltage as a change in magnetic flux regulator, series regulator and auto-transformer voltage regulator. In addition, the rectifier device characteristics, can be rectified electric rectifier valve side of the direct control of the conduction phase angle components that can smooth the adjustment of the average rectified voltage, which is called phase control voltage regulator. To achieve phase control regulator, one with crystal valve pipe, the second is the use of self-saturable reactor, since the saturable reactor is essentially composed of a core and two windings, one winding is working, it is   the second series connected transformer in the rectifier times between the windings and rectifiers, flows through the load current; the other is the DC control winding, is provided by another DC power supply DC current, and its main principle is the use of nonlinear ferromagnetic materials change, so that the work has a winding reactance big change.
 Adjust the DC control current, you can adjust the phase control angle α, and thus the average rectified voltage regulator.